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Table 4 Pooled prevalence estimates of S. aureus in milk at different sampling points

From: Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and milk products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Livestock Spp

Sampling points along dairy chain

Pooled estimate

Heterogeneity

p(95%CI)

df

Q

Q/df

I2

All(cow, camel, goat)

Overall

28.8 (25, 32.8)

72

688.74

9.6

89.55

 

Udder milk

20.3 (15.9, 25.1)

21

137.43

6.6

84.72

 

Milking bucket

24.8 (19.5, 30.5)

4

1.26

0.3

0

 

Farm bulk milk

25.8 (19, 33.1)

18

166.18

9.2

89.17

 

Selling points

34.5 (24.9, 44.9)

13

134.21

10.3

90.31

 

MCC

47.1 (27.9, 66.7)

9

139.94

15.5

93.57

 

Processing plant

50.3 (25.8, 74.7)

2

6.74

3.4

70.31

Cow

Overall

30.7 (26.6, 35)

60

560.3

9.3

89.29

 

Udder milk

20.3 (15.8, 25.3)

16

104.56

6.5

84.7

 

Milking bucket

24.8 (19.5, 30.5)

4

1.26

0.3

0

 

Farm bulk milk

29.7 (22.8, 37.1)

15

115.55

7.7

87.02

 

Selling points

35 (24.5, 46.2)

10

100.32

10

90.03

 

MCC

52.1 (31.2, 72.7)

8

103.32

12.9

92.26

 

Processing plant

50.3 (25.8, 74.7)

2

6.74

3.4

70.31

Camel

Overall

19.3 (9.6, 31.5)

8

77.19

9.6

89.64

 

Udder milk

19.5 (0.6, 61.4)

2

29.09

14.5

93.12

 

Farm bulk milk

6.8 (3.3, 11.4)

1

0.11

0.11

0

 

Selling points

33.1 (8.1, 64.9)

2

25.04

12.5

92.01

 

Primary collection center

11.7 (6.7, 17.9)

0

0

-

-

Goat

Overall

13.6 (8.7, 19.5)

2

1.13

0.6

0

 

Udder milk

14.2 (7.3, 22.9)

1

1.04

1.04

4.14

 

Farm bulk milk

8.3 (6.8, 32.4)

0

0

-

-

Pasteurized milk

 

3.8 (1.1, 16.7)

3

13.95

4.7

78.49

  1. P prevalence, Q Cochran’s Q, df degrees of freedom, I2 Inverse variance index, MCC Milk collection center, CI Confidence interval