Table 2 Parameters tested for the extraction of paraquat from soya bean meal. Parameters that were finally used for the extraction of the samples are indicated in bold
From: Monitoring of Paraquat in soya products intended for animal feed
Parameter | Variation |
|---|---|
Particle size | 1 mm; 0.5 mm |
Water addition | Yes (10 mL); None |
Soaking time of water | 0 min; 15 min; 30 min; 45 min; 60 min |
Extraction apparatus | Horizontal shaker; orbital shaker; ultrasonic bath |
Extraction solvent | 1 % formic acid in MeOH |
5 % formic acid in MeOH | |
5 % formic acid in MeOH/H2O (45/50, v/v) | |
MeOH/0.1 M HCl (50/50, v/v) | |
MeOH/0.5 M HCl (50/50, v/v) | |
MeOH/0.1 M HCl (60/40, v/v) | |
MeOH/0.5 M HCl (60/40, v/v) | |
MeOH/0.75 M HCl (60/40, v/v) | |
MeOH/1 M HCl (60/40, v/v) | |
Extraction volume | 10 mL; 25 mL |
Extraction temperature | Room temperature; 80 °C |
Extraction time | 15 min; 30 min; 60 min; 90 min; 120 min |
Soaking time of extraction solvent | None; 15 min; 30 min; 45 min; 60 min |
Dilution of extract solution | Undiluted; 1:10; 1:5; 1:2 |
Clean-up | Solid phase extraction using Strata® WCX; Oasis® HLB; None |