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Table 2 Percentage recoveries (±SD) of 96 pesticides subjected to either QuEChERS clean-up methods or no clean-up

From: Determination of pesticide residues in honey: a preliminary study from two of Africa’s largest honey producers

 

% recovery at 10LOR (10 ng/g) ± SD

Compound name

GCB+PSA

C18+PSA

PSA

No clean-up

Acephate

72.8 ± 0.8(b)

85.1 ± 0.6(a)

76.1 ± 0.8(ab)

52.5 ± 0.7(c)

Acetamiprid

98.1 ± 0.6(a)

99.8 ± 0.03(a)

99.6 ± 0.3(a)

74.8 ± 0.0(b)

Aldicarb fragment

104.5 ± 0.4(a)

100.5 ± 0.3(b)

97.9 ± 0.2(b)

70.6 ± 0.1(c)

Amidosulfuron

87.0 ± 0.8(b)

74.3 ± 0.4(c)

89.5 ± 0.1(b)

94.3 ± 0.2(a)

Azoxystrobin

77.0 ± 0.7(b)

108.8 ± 0.8(a)

106.5 ± 0.8(a)

101.8 ± 0.5(a)

Benalaxyl

88.9 ± 0.6(a)

97.3 ± 1.0(a)

97.5 ± 0.4(a)

97.7 ± 0.6(a)

Bifenazate

23.7 ± 0.8(b)

117.5 ± 0.3(a)

111.6 ± 1.2(a)

121.6 ± 0.4(a)

Bifenthrin

45.7 ± 1.1(b)

92.5 ± 0.9(a)

79.8 ± 0.8(a)

90.2 ± 0.02(a)

Bitertanol

88.9 ± 0.6(b)

105.6 ± 0.4(a)

99.4 ± 0.01(a)

100.6 ± 0.7(a,b)

Bosclid (Nicobifen)

39.6 ± 1.0(b)

113.1 ± 1.3(a)

106.3 ± 0.4(a)

115.3 ± 0.7(a)

Bromuconazole

85.2 ± 1.6(b)

96.9 ± 0.1(ab)

103.0 ± 0.4(a)

92.3 ± 0.4(ab)

Bupirimate

61.3 ± 0.6(b)

104.6 ± 0.1(a)

102.5 ± 0.6(a)

110.7 ± 1.4(a)

Buprofezin

84.6 ± 0.5(c)

104.0 ± 0.4(ab)

106.9 ± 0.4(a)

102.9 ± 0.8(b)

Carbaryl

98.2 ± 1.2(a)

110.9 ± 0.9(a)

102.5 ± 0.2(a)

72.6 ± 0.1(b)

Carbofuran

108.3 ± 0.8(b)

120.4 ± 0.9(a)

119.9 ± 0.1(ab)

64.1 ± 0.6(c)

Chlorfenvinphos

78.1 ± 0.7(c)

93.6 ± 0.1(b)

103.6 ± 0.2(a)

94.9 ± 0.7(b)

Chlorpyrifos

21.4 ± 0.6(b)

93.4 ± 0.6(a)

94.2 ± 0.3(a)

87.6 ± 1.0(a)

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

26.4 ± 0.8(c)

105.3 ± 0.5(a)

99.5 ± 0.1(a)

95.5 ± 0.4(b)

Clofentezin

6.2 ± 0.7(b)

97.3 ± 0.3(a)

98.5 ± 0.3(a)

91.1 ± 0.8(a)

Coumaphos

5.4 ± 0.4(b)

102.6 ± 1.3(a)

105.2 ± 0.5(a)

109.2 ± 0.5(a)

Cyazofamid

79.1 ± 0.2(c)

102.2 ± 0.1(a)

100.6 ± 0.2(a)

92.3 ± 0.2(b)

Cymiazol

56.0 ± 0.9(c)

92.2 ± 0.4(a)

89.5 ± 0.1(a)

75.2 ± 0.5(a)

Cyproconazole

100.3 ± 0.2(b)

87.8 ± 1.0(b)

106.8 ± 0.2(a)

92.3 ± 0.5(b)

Cyprodinil

10.5 ± 0.6(c)

90.8 ± 0.2(b)

104.5 ± 0.4(a)

105.0 ± 1.0(ab)

DEET

109.1 ± 0.4(a)

100.4 ± 1.2(a)

96.0 ± 0.0(a)

83.5 ± 0.5(b)

Diazinon

81.4 ± 0.01(b)

98.7 ± 0.3(a)

99.0 ± 0.3(a)

99.4 ± 1.1(a)

Dichlorvos

107.0 ± 0.8(a)

97.3 ± 0.6(b)

99.4 ± 0.3(b)

85.7 ± 0.2(c)

Diflubenzuron

18.9 ± 4.8(b)

101.9 ± 0.3(a)

106.3 ± 1(a)

104.8 ± 0.6(a)

Dimethoate

99.2 ± 1.0(a)

101.7 ± 0.2(a)

94.3 ± 0.3(a)

62.8 ± 0.1(b)

Diuron

33.0 ± 0.8(c)

100.7 ± 0.6(a)

108.1 ± 0.2(a)

92.1 ± 0.4(b)

Epoxyconazol

38.8 ± 2.6(b)

91.2 ± 0.2(a)

96.4 ± 1.1(a)

89.9 ± 0.6(a)

Ethion

78.7 ± 0.2(b)

98.3 ± 0.1(a)

103.0 ± 0.5(a)

95.1 ± 0.1(a)

Ethoprophos

87.7 ± 0.9(a)

94.1 ± 0.4(a)

98.3 ± 1.0(a)

90.8 ± 0.7(a)

Etofenprox

24.2 ± 0.5(b)

98.5 ± 0.4(a)

99.5 ± 0.1(a)

92.2 ± 0.0(a)

Fenamiphos

56.4 ± 1.0(b)

107.8 ± 0.2(a)

111.6 ± 0.3(a)

107.8 ± 0.5(a)

Fenazaquin

9.9 ± 1.7(d)

93.5 ± 0.5(b)

98.4 ± 0.1(a)

89.4 ± 0.1(c)

Fenbuconazole

40.5 ± 1.2(b)

107.8 ± 0.3(a)

109.1 ± 0.9(a)

107.0 ± 0.3(a)

Fenobucarb

94.7 ± 2.0(b)

80.6 ± 0.4(c)

101.6 ± 0.1(a)

90.4 ± 0.2(b)

Fipronil

107.9 ± 1.0(a)

111.4 ± 0.1(a)

108.3 ± 0.3(a)

111.1 ± 0.4(a)

Flazasulfuron

81.1 ± 1.5(b)

46.7 ± 0.5(d)

70.3 ± 0.3(c)

96.7 ± 0.4(a)

Fludioxonil

34.1 ± 2.9(b

105.9 ± 0.5(a)

104.7 ± 0.1(a)

110.8 ± 0.5(a)

Flufenacet

102.8 ± 1.9(a)

117.5 ± 0.9(a)

103.8 ± 0.7(a)

100.9 ± 0.5(a)

Fluquinconazole

43.6 ± 2.0(b)

92.7 ± 1.1(a)

99.3 ± 0.9(a)

90.5 ± 0.9(a)

Flusilazole

97.8 ± 0.8(b)

117.4 ± 0.7(a)

108.3 ± 0.8(ab)

98.6 ± 0.5(ab)

Flutriafol

94.3 ± 0.2(b)

97.9 ± 0.4(ab)

101.3 ± 0.1(a)

96.8 ± 0.5(ab)

Fosthiazate

101.8 ± 0.2(a)

107.1 ± 0.9(a)

103.6 ± 0.1(a)

70.1 ± 0.1(b)

Hexaconazole

90.0 ± 1.0(b)

99.3 ± 1.1(b)

110.5 ± 0.5(a)

97.9 ± 0.1(b)

Hexythiazox

77.2 ± 0.6(c)

99.8 ± 0.1(a)

99.6 ± 0.2(a)

94.1 ± 0.4(b)

Imidacloprid

80.3 ± 0.2(a)

88.3 ± 0.2(a)

87.6 ± 0.3(a)

66.4 ± 0.3(b)

Indoxacarb

56.4 ± 1.6(b)

103.0 ± 0.5(a)

102.1 ± 0.1(a)

96.1 ± 0.3(a)

Ipconazole

57.7 ± 0.9(b)

103.7 ± 0.2(a)

102.7 ± 0.1(a)

98.9 ± 0.5(a)

Iprovalicarb

58.6 ± 6.5(a)

95.6 ± 0.1(a)

99.1 ± 1.3(a)

74.5 ± 1.2(a)

Isoxaflutole

99.0 ± 0.3(a)

98.9 ± 0.5(a)

105.6 ± 0.4(a)

120.8 ± 2.0(a)

Kresoxim-methyl

74.7 ± 0.2(a)

96.0 ± 1.1(a)

93.1 ± 0.3(a)

92.3 ± 0.8(a)

Linuron

39.7 ± 3.4(b)

103.3 ± 0.03(a)

107.9 ± 0.5(a)

97.5 ± 0.1(a)

Lufenuron

5.9 ± 3.2(d)

105.1 ± 0.4(a)

98.6 ± 0.2(b)

95.4 ± 0.2(c)

Malathion

102.9 ± 0.2(a)

113.6 ± 0.2(a)

109.4 ± 0.3(a)

98.1 ± 0.1(a)

Metalaxyl

100.3 ± 0.1(a)

102.8 ± 0.4(a)

108.1 ± 0.2(a)

99.3 ± 0.5(a)

Metconazole

56.8 ± 1.7(b)

101.8 ± 0.8(a)

109.9 ± 0.1(a)

101.2 ± 0.2(a)

Methidathion

76.4 ± 0.7(b)

98.2 ± 0.4(a)

99.8 ± 0.5(a)

77.7 ± 0.2(b)

Methomyl

63.9 ± 7.9(a)

111.1 ± 0.6(a)

105.6 ± 0.3(a)

86.0 ± 0.4(a)

Metolachlor

88.6 ± 0.3(a)

100.2 ± 0.1(a)

97.7 ± 0.3(a)

98.4 ± 0.9(a)

Metribuzin

106.3 ± 0.1(a)

103.9 ± 0.5(a)

106.0 ± 0.5(a)

48.7 ± 0.3(b)

Metsulfuron-methyl

72.7 ± 1.7(b)

46.6 ± 0.7(c)

72.8 ± 0.5(b)

122.1 ± 0.4(a)

Monocrotophos

86.4 ± 0.1(a)

98.4 ± 0.2(a)

86.3 ± 0.3(a)

14.7 ± 7.1(b)

Nicosulfuron

43.9 ± 2.5(b)

19.0 ± 1.4(c)

42.6 ± 0.3(b)

100.6 ± 2.1(a)

Novaluron

16.5 ± 2.5(c)

104.4 ± 0.2(a)

107.4 ± 0.3(a)

92.1 ± 0.6(b)

Omethoat

88.0 ± 0.2(b)

90.6 ± 0.2(a)

86.4 ± 0.3(b)

83.5 ± 0.1(b)

Oxamyl

90.3 ± 0.1(a)

94.7 ± 0.0(a)

94.4 ± 0.1(a)

67.8 ± 0.2(b)

Picoxystrobin

76.7 ± 0.1(b)

94.3 ± 0.5(a)

92.6 ± 1.1(a)

79.1 ± 0.3(b)

Pirimicarb

37.1 ± 2.2(c)

103.6 ± 1.1(a)

102.3 ± 0.5(a)

81.2 ± 0.5(b)

Pirimiphos-methyl

44.6 ± 1.1(b)

99.2 ± 1.1(a)

99.1 ± 0.2(a)

91.2 ± 0.2(a)

Prochloraz

34.1 ± 3.7(b)

106.5 ± 0.4(a)

111.4 ± 0.4(a)

103.6 ± 0.1(a)

Procymidon

54.1 ± 1.0(a)

78.8 ± 0.7(a)

58.3 ± 1.7(a)

66.5 ± 0.7(a)

Profenofos

31.7 ± 2.6(b)

95.9 ± 0.7(a)

97.2 ± 0.2(a)

89.1 ± 0.4(a)

Promecarb

106.6 ± 0.4(a)

107.8 ± 0.1(a)

102.6 ± 0.2(a)

95.1 ± 0.1(a)

Propamocarb

75.9 ± 0.0(a)

49.3 ± 0.7(c)

57.9 ± 0.2(b)

73.4 ± 0.1(a)

Propargit

70.1 ± 1.4(ab)

98.7 ± 0.4(a)

99.4 ± 0.7(a)

64.2 ± 0.2(ab)

Pyraclostrobin

5.2 ± 0.9(c)

111.8 ± 0.0(a)

106.7 ± 0.2(a)

100.3 ± 0.3(b)

Pyridaben

53.1 ± 2.0(b)

100.0 ± 0.8(a)

102.6 ± 0.3(a)

89.9 ± 1.3(a)

Pyriproxyfen

36.9 ± 2.6(b)

98.1 ± 0.5(a)

97.9 ± 0.3(a)

92.3 ± 0.1(a)

Rotenone

46.7 ± 2.7(b)

101.2 ± 0.5(a)

100.1 ± 0.5(a)

96.5 ± 0.1(a)

Spinosyn A

12.5 ± 2.6(d)

98.3 ± 0.3(b)

109.2 ± 0.7(a)

87.0 ± 0.5(c)

Spinosyn D

9.3 ± 3.2(c)

92.0 ± 0.1(b)

101.6 ± 0.4(a)

90.5 ± 0.3(b)

Tebuconazole

59.7 ± 1.6(b)

99.5 ± 0.7(a)

114.4 ± 0.6(a)

111.4 ± 0.4(a)

Tebufenozid

100.9 ± 0.5(b)

112.0 ± 0.4(a)

120.4 ± 1.5(a)

98.6 ± 0.4(b)

Temephos

25.4 ± 3.0(c)

105.9 ± 0.4(a)

100.7 ± 0.2(ab)

98.0 ± 0.6(b)

Tetraconazole

92.5 ± 0.6(c)

108.2 ± 1.0(a)

102.4 ± 0.5(ab)

93.4 ± 0.6(bc)

Thiabendazol

17.2 ± 1.6(d)

82.2 ± 0.4(a)

77.3 ± 0.1(b)

57.9 ± 0.2(c)

Thiacloprid

85.3 ± 1.2(a)

99.5 ± 0.6(a)

94.7 ± 0.0(a)

61.0 ± 0.3(b)

Thiamethoxam

95.6 ± 0.6(a)

101.2 ± 0.1(a)

99.7 ± 0.2(a)

59.7 ± 0.1(b)

Thiodicarb

43.3 ± 2.4(c)

101.4 ± 0.6(a)

103.5 ± 0.5(a)

76.8 ± 0.3(b)

Triadimenol

92.8 ± 0.1(b)

108.6 ± 1.0(a)

111.3 ± 0.03(a)

97.9 ± 0.6(a)

Triadimefon

117.7 ± 0.3(a)

107.4 ± 0.8(a)

115.7 ± 0.1(a)

110.6 ± 0.7(a)

Tribenuron-methyl

64.2 ± 1.7(b)

73.3 ± 0.1(a)

81.5 ± 0.1(a)

63.4 ± 0.4(b)

Trifloxystrobin

60.1 ± 1.7(b)

101.2 ± 0.2(a)

103.8 ± 0.1(a)

93.7 ± 0.1(a)

  1. *For each pesticide, mean recoveries with the same letter are not significantly different